Thomas Lilbourne Anderson (8 December 1808-6 March 1885) was a member of the US House of Representatives (D-MO 2) from 4 March 1857 to 3 March 1861, succeeding Gilchrist Porter and preceding James S. Rollins. Born in Bowling Green, Kentucky, he practiced law in Franklin before moving to Palmyra, Missouri. He served in the state house as a Whig from 1840 to 1844 and later in Congress as a Know Nothing and Independent Democrat.