The Sumiyoshi-kai is the second-largest yakuza group in Japan, founded in 1958 by Matsugoro Ito. The Sumiyoshi-kai was based in the Kabukicho and Ginza neighborhoods of Tokyo, and it was rivals with the largest yakuza group in Japan, the Yamaguchi-gumi. Unlike their foes, the Sumiyoshi-kai had a federal structure, with less money going to the top as tribute, less authority being invested in the godfather, and more autonomy lying with the individual gangs. By the 1980s, the Sumiyoshi-kai brought in more than $276 million per year. In 2003, the Sumiyoshi-kai went to war with the Yamaguchi-gumi, resulting in the assassination of Sumiyoshi-kai subsidiary boss Takao Nishida. On 5 January 2007, Sumiyoshi-kai boss Ryoichi Sugiura was murdered in his car in Tokyo, and the Sumiyoshi-kai retaliated by shooting up the Yamaguchi-gumi headquarters.