Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England. The settlement was named for an Anglo-Saxon settlement in a clearing along the River Sheaf, and it was originally settled by the Celtic Brigantes, who built several hillforts in the area before the Roman conquest of Britain. After the Norman conquest of England, the Normans built a motte-and-bailey castle at Sheffield to protect the local settlements, and a small settlement grew around the castle, becoming a market town in 1296. Sheffield became the center of cutlery manufacturing in the United Kingdom, and its castle was used to imprison Mary, Queen of Scots from 1570 to 1584. Sheffield experienced industrialization amid the Industrial Revolution, and its population grew rapidly from 60,095 in 1801 to 41,195 by 1901. Sheffield became a borough in 1842 and a city in 1893, and 270 people were killed in a flood which followed a dam collapse in 1864. Sheffield was targeted in German bombing raids during The Blitz, the heaviest of which - the Sheffield Blitz - occurred from 12-15 December 1940, with 660 lives being lost. From the 1950s to 1960s, most of Sheffield's slums were demolished and replaced by public housing. The city declined as the result of deindustrialization (especially during the 1980s), but urban renewal projects in the 1990s and 2000s led to the city's recovery. By 2019, Sheffield had a population of 584,853 people; in 2011, the racial makeup of Sheffield was 84% White (81% White British), 2.4% mixed race, 8% Asian (4% Pakistani, 1.3% Chinese, 1.1% Indian, .6% Bangladeshi, and 1% other Asian), 3.6% Black (2.1% African, 1% Caribbean, and .5% other Black), 1.5% Arab, and .7% other; 53% were Christian, 31% irreligious, 7% unreported, 6% Muslim, .6% Hindu, .4% Buddhist, .2% Sikh, .1% Jewish, and .4% other.
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