Phrygia was a kingdom in western-central Anatolia, with Gordion as its capital. The Phrygians migrated to Anatolia from the Balkans, with origins in Mygdonia; the Mysians and Bithynians migrated to Anatolia from the Balkans at the same time. The Phrygians established themselves on the Sakarya River before the Trojan War of 1193-1183 BC, and the Phrygian hordes helped bring about the downfall of the Hittite Empire. The Phrygian princess Hecuba's marriage to Kim Priam of Troy led to Phrygia siding with the Trojans against the Greeks, and two grandsons of King Dymas of Phrygia fell in battle during the war. During the 8th century BC, Phrygia expanded into an empire dominating most of central and western Anatolia and encroaching upon the larger Assyrian Empire to its southeast and Urartu to the northeast. King Midas had good relations and close trade ties with Ancient Greece, but Phrygia was overwhelmed by Cimmerian invaders, and Gordion was sacked and destroyed in 675 BC. In 620 BC, the Lydians expelled the Cimmerians from western Anatolia and incorporated Phrygia into their empire. Phrygia passed under Achaemenid Persian rule during the 540s BC and became a part of the Macedonian empire in 333 BC. During the 3rd century BC, northern Phrygia was overrun by Gallic invaders who established the province of Galatia, and the Gauls destroyed Gordium forever. In 188 BC, southern Phrygia came under Pergamese rule, and the Phrygian language survived for several more centuries. Phrygia was divided into two Roman provinces during the 250s AD, and the name Phrygia remained in use as a regional descriptor until the conquest of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
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