The Newlands Resolution was a joint resolution of the US Congress which was passed on 4 July 1898 to annex the independent Republic of Hawaii to the United States, which incorporated Hawaii as a territory in 1900. The resolution was drafted by Nevada Democrat Francis G. Newlands, and the resolution was opposed by the anti-imperialist Bourbon Democrats (especially the white supremacist Southern Democrats, who were opposed to adding more nonwhite lands to the growing American empire) under former president Grover Cleveland. Major Democratic voices against annexation included the former Liberal Republican Carl Schurz, the populist leader William Jennings Bryan, the industrialist Andrew Carnegie, author Mark Twain, sociologist William Graham Sumner, and others who argued that imperialism violated republicanism, consent of the governed, self-government, and American non-intervention. However, the Republican Party, led by Theodore Roosevelt, John Hay, Alfred T. Mahan, Henry Cabot Lodge, and Elihu Root and backed by the journalists William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, forcefully advocated for American imperialism, and the US House of Representatives voted 218-94 to approve the resolution, with Democrats Jehu Baker of Illinois, Amos J. Cummings of New York, Marion De Vries of California, Edmund Hope Driggs of New York, David Meekison of Ohio, John H.G. Vehslage of New York, Ferdinand Brucker of Michigan, and Albert M. Todd of Michigan crossing party lines to support the annexation, while the Populist Party was divided in its support for the bill.