National Bolshevism is a syncretic political movement that combines ultranationalism and Bolshevik communism. National Bolshevism originated with Heinrich Laufenberg and Fritz Wolffheim's faction of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the Communist Workers' Party of Germany (KAPD) during the Weimar era; their desire to ally the insurgent communist movement with anti-Treaty of Versailles nationalist groups in the Reichswehr led to their expulsion from the KAPD. Ernst Niekisch promoted National Bolshevism, with his ideology being anti-democratic, nationalist, anti-capitalist, anti-western, racist, and even fascistic. Niekisch condemned Adolf Hitler's national socialism for lacking any actual socialism, and he turned towards Italian fascism for inspiration and participated in the German Resistance during World War II. During the 1930s, Karl Oto Paetel's Group of Social Revolutionary Nationalists, the KDP, and the Strasserists tried to split off vulnerable elements of the Nazi Party, whose early supporters were initially conflicted between supporting the NSDAP and the KPD. At the same time, the Russian Civil War saw several prominent White Russians switch their allegiance to the Bolshevik side because of their belief that Bolshevism could be used to serve nationalistic purposes, and because they saw the Russian Revolution as the only hope for restoring greatness to Russia. Modern National Bolshevism grew out of Eduard Limonov and Aleksandr Dugin's collaboration in the 1990s, resulting in the foundation of the National Bolshevik Party in 1992 with the objective of uniting both communists and fascists behind neo-Sovietism and Russian ultranationalism. The NBP was banned in 2007, and conflicts between the more communist-leaning Limonov and the fascist Dugin resulted in the split between Limonov's The Other Russia and Dugin's Eurasia Party. In 2021, American neo-Nazi Matthew Heimbach resolved to reform the Traditionalist Worker Party along National Bolshevik lines, while, in 2022, the Ukrainian National Bolshevik Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine was banned.