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The Lipka rebellion occurred in 1672 when several Polish-Lithuanian cavalry regiments composed of Lipka Tatars mutinied in response to overdue pay and restrictions on their established privileges and religious freedom.

The Lipka Tatars, who settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th century, formed a military castle within the Commonwealth while retaining their Muslim religion and Tatar traditions. They were counted among the Commonwealth's best and most loyal soldiers during the Deluge, and they even saw their co-religionists in the Crimean Khanate as common bandits whose penchant for thievery was un-Islamic. However, the Khmelnytsky Uprising and the Russo-Polish War destroyed much of the basis of Tatar livelihood, and Poland's employment of foreign mercenaries during those wars - together with a decrease in traditional religious freedom in the Commonwealth - led the Polish nobility to view all Tatars with hostility. In 1667, several laws rescinded Tatar privileges (including limiting their promotions to posts of military command) and religious freedoms (forbidding the construction of new mosques within Ukraine). After the Sejm ordered that only a fourth of the wages owed to both Tatar and Wallachian units. In 1668, King Jan II Casimir rescinded these laws in response to Tatar unrest, but the insult had already been made and the wages were never paid out as promised.

In 1672, Azja Tuhajbejowicz, a Tatar mercenary who desired Colonel Jerzy Wołodyjowski's wife Baisa Wolodyjowska, stirred the Polish army's Lipkas to mutiny, burning the town of Raszkow (home to his lover Ewa Nowowiejska) and killing its inhabitants. However, only the Tatars in the Crown Army rebelled, while those in the service of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania remained loyal. The Lipka mutineers became subjects of the Ottoman Empire and allied with the Ottoman hetman Petro Doroshenko, awaiting an Ottoman invasion of the Commonwealth. Sultan Mehmed IV made mutineer Aleksander Kryczynski Bey of Bar as a reward for his defection. Adam Nowowiejski, Ewa's sister, avenged his father's death by raiding into Ottoman territory and capturing Tuhajbejowicz, who was promptly impaled. However, the Tatars burned Podolia at the same time as the Siege of Kamenets. After that city fell to the Turks, the Sultan settled some of the Lipkas around it. Mots of the mutineers eventually became dissatisfied with their lot under the Sultan, and they murdered Kryczynski in 1673. At the same time, Hetman Jan Sobieski retook Bar and allowed the mutineers to return to their former service, as he respected them for their service during the Deluge. The last of the mutinous Lipka units rejoined the Commonwealth in 1691. In 1679, King Jan Sobieski restored the Tatars' privileges and religious freedoms and donated his own lands to the Tatar veterans as payment. The Lipkas would remain loyal to Poland over the next several centuries, fighting at the Battle of Vienna, in several Polish insurrections, and in World War II.

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