Kerma was an ancient Nubian city and kingdom located in northern Sudan. The city was first settled in 8350 BC, but it was abandoned from 5550 BC and 5150 BC due to decreased Nile flow. Another hiatus in occupation occurred from 4050 to 3450 BC due to minimal flow from the White Nile. Around 3000 BC, Kerma became the center of the Kerma culture, and it developed into a large urban center built around the Western Defuffa temple. A state society formed from 2550 and 1500 BC, and Kerma was absorbed into New Kingdom Egypt by Pharaoh Thutmose I, who also conquered the rest of Nubia. Kerma culture was increasingly Egyptianized, but Nubian rebellions continued until 1300 BC. In 1000 BC, the Kingdom of Kush emerged from the ashes of the Kingdom of Kerma.
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