The Independent Party of Color (PIC) was an Afro-Cuban political party which was active from 1908 to 1912. The party was founded in 1908 by Afro-Cuban veterans of the Cuban War of Independence; the majority of independence fighters were Black or mixed-race, while their officers were mostly white. The mistreatment of Black veterans of the war led to the Independent Party of Color's formation in 1908, and it advocated for equal treatment under the law regardless of race. The party also supported free university education, free immigration regardless of race, guaranteed public employment, and the distribution of land to war veterans. The PIC stole votes from the ruling Liberal Party of Cuba, and the government responded by expelling the PIC from the political arena by 1912. In response, the PIC launched the "Negro Rebellion" that year, but the US Marine Corps aided the Cuban Army in cracking down on the Afro-Cuban rebellion. The Cuban Army massacred 6,000 Afro-Cubans, and the Independent Party of Color was disbanded following the failure of the rebellion.