Harlem is a large neighborhood of northern Manhattan, New York City, best known for its history as a major African-American residential, cultural, and business center during the 20th century. Harlem's first African-American residents arrived in 1905 during the Great Migration, and the 1920s and the 1930s saw the start of the "Harlem Renaissance" as new clubs opened up to showcase black jazz musicians and poets, among other artists. However, the Great Depression and the deindustrialization of the city after World War II led to poverty and crime rates rising in the neighborhood (with Bumpy Johnson and Frank Lucas' black mob running the neighborhood during the late 1960s and early 1970s), and Harlem was a no-go neighborhood until the 1990s. From the 1990s onwards, Harlem was gentrified, and less than 40% of its residents were black by 2008. In 2000, Harlem had a population of 335,109 people.
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