The Five Families is a term given to the five dominant organized crime syndicates of New York City, formed in 1931 by Italian-American crime lord Salvatore Maranzano. The families ruled New York City with an iron fist and dominated organized crime in the United States for most of the 20th century, and they had immeasurable power and influence in narcotics, loan sharking, bookmaking, labor unions, bootlegging, smuggling, prostitution, racketeering, politics, the police force, gambling, the legal system, diamond smuggling pornography, and countless other businesses. Maranzano reorganized the Italian-American gangs in New York City into the Maranzano, Profaci, Mangano, Luciano, and Gagliano families, which are now known as the Bonanno, Colombo, Gambino, Genovese, and Lucchese families, respectively. Each family had a demarcated territory and an organizationally structured hierarchy and reported to the same overarching governing entity. Initially, Maranzano intended each family's boss to report to him as the capo dei capi ("boss of all bosses"). This led to his assassination that September, and that role was abolished for the Commission, a ruling committee established by Lucky Luciano to oversee all Mafia activities in the United States and to mediate conflicts between all the families in America. It consisted of the bosses of the Five Families as well as the bosses of the Chicago Outfit and the Buffalo crime family. The Chicago Outfit represented all the other 21 mafia families in the United States on the Commission. In 1963, Joseph Valachi publicly disclosed the existence of New York City's Five Families at the Valachi hearings. Since then, a few other crime families have been able to become powerful or notable enough to rise to a level comparable to that of the Five Families, holding or sharing the unofficial designation of Sixth Family.