Desmuma, also known as Desmond, was a kingdom in southwestern Ireland which existed from 1118 to 1596, with Killarney serving as its capital. It was founded by Tadhg Mac Carthaigh after the kingdom of Munster was divided between Desmuma ("South Munster") and Tuadmuma ("North Munster") under the Treaty of Glanmire, and the eastern half of Desmuma was lost during the 12th century Norman invasion of Ireland. The western half lived on as a semi-independent Gaelic kingdom, with the 1261 Battle of Callann preserving Desmuma's independence from England. However, Desmuma was ultimately subdued during the Tudor conquest of Ireland.
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Ireland in 1450