Chinatown is a neighborhood on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. The first Chinese immigrants arrived in Chicago in 1869 to flee nativist violence in the American West, and, by 1903, a series of Chinese restaurants had opened on Clark Street as the result of a chop suey fad among Chicago's white residents. The Chicago Loop's Chinatown grew due to chain migration, and it experienced gang warfare between rival Tongs starting in 1909 and continuing into the Prohibition and Great Depression eras. The renewal of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1892, increasing rent prices, racial discrimination, overcrowding, a high non-Chinese crime rate, cultural bias, economic competition, the construction of a federal building in Chinatown in 1911, and Tong warfare drove hundreds of Chinese residents to move to the South Side. Many in the new Chinatown were strongly supportive of the Kuomintang and the Republic of China, and a large Chinese republican parade was held in 1919 to commemorate the visit of one of Sun Yat-sen's lieutenants. By 1927, hundreds of Chinese-owned homes in old Chinatown had "for rent" signs hanging from their windows, and only two Chinese businesses remained on Clark Street. By the 1930s, most Chinese-owned businesses in Chicago were grocery stores. After World War II, an influx of educated Chinese refugees from the Chinese Civil War arrived in Chicago, clashing with the old family associations; at the same time, many Chinese Chicagoans moved to the suburbs. In 1975, the Chinatown Gateway was built to enhance the ethnic enclave's cultural appeal. By 2013, Chinatown had 8,000 residents, 90% of whom were Chinese, and many Italian-Americans remained in the neighborhood.