The Carbonari were an Italian radical nationalist group that existed from 1800 to 1831. The Carbonari dreamed of freeing Italy from the tyranny of the Austrian Empire and the Italian princes and of achieving national unity, seeking to create an independent and unified nation of Italy. The Carbonari launched abortive revolts in 1820-1821 and 1831, and they briefly succeeded in forcing Sardinia-Piedmont and the Two Sicilies to become constitutional monarchies in 1820 before Austrian troops crushed them in 1821.