The Battle of Białogrądy was fought between Polish-Lithuanian guerrillas and a caravan belonging to the Tsardom of Russia on 23 May 1655 during the Russo-Polish War of 1654-1667.
In May 1655, Tsar Alexis of Russia went on the offensive against Poland-Lithuania. His armies invaded Smolensk Voivodeship, pushed into Belarus, and besieged the Lithuanian capital of Vilnius. With the help of the mercenary captain Jerzy Wisniewski, the Polish generals lifted the Russo-Swedish siege of Vilna in early May, defeated another Russian army at the Battle of Hudy north of Lida, and held out in Smolensk until Russia and Poland agreed to a truce.
However, Wisniewski and his band of mercenaries showed no regard for the truce when, on the night of 23 May 1655, they fell upon a Russian caravan leaving the Swedish-ruled Baltics and passing through northeastern Poland. The Polish cavalry easily ran down the poorly-armed Russian soldiers and slaughtered them to a man, while only 3 Poles were killed. The Poles used the loot obtained from this clash to fund their continued guerrilla war against the Swedish and Cossack invaders.