Anti-fascism is a political ideology and movement that opposes fascism, a far-right authoritarian ultranationalist ideology characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.
Anti-fascism has its origins in the early 20th century, particularly in response to the rise of fascist movements in Italy under Benito Mussolini and in Germany under Adolf Hitler. Groups like the Italian Arditi del Popolo (People's Daring Ones) emerged to oppose fascist violence. After World War II, anti-fascism became associated with the fight against authoritarian regimes in Europe and the broader context of the Cold War. The term "antifa" (short for anti-fascist) began to surface more prominently in activist circles. Anti-fascism gained renewed vigor during the civil rights movement, student protests, and countercultural movements of the 1960s-1970s, particularly in Europe and North America. In recent years, anti-fascism has seen a resurgence in response to the rise of far-right movements, white nationalism, and authoritarian populism globally. It has often been linked to social justice movements, including Black Lives Matter and LGBTQ+ rights.
Many anti-fascists identify with socialism, communism, anarchism, or other leftist ideologies that emphasize equality, social justice, and anti-authoritarianism. Some liberal groups also align with anti-fascist principles, emphasizing the protection of democratic values and human rights. Some factions within anti-fascism critique capitalism, viewing it as a system that can foster inequality and authoritarianism. Anti-fascists often criticize conservative ideologies for their potential to enable fascism and may see mainstream liberalism as complicit in systemic injustices.