The Acoma people are a Puebloan Native American tribe who live on the 5 million-acre Acoma Indian Reservation in New Mexico. The Acoma were visited by Estevanico in 1539, and Hernando de Alvarado found the Acoma to live in a strongly-fortified town by 1540. In 1598, Juan de Onate carried out the Acoma massacre after the Acoma rebelled against the Spanish, and they rebuilt their community from 1599 to 1620. They later participated in the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, but they suffered high mortality from smallpox epidemics, as well as raiding from the Apache, Comanche, and Ute. The Acoma occasionally allied with the Spanish against the nomadic tribes and formally adopted Catholicism as their religion. The Acoma people's isolation was ended by the arrival of the railroads in the 1880s, and most of them were forced into American boarding schools by the 1920s, learning English and becoming Christians. By 2010, 4,989 people identified as Acoma.