Louis Antoine, Duke of Angouleme

Louis Antoine, Duke of Angouleme (6 August 1775-3 June 1844) was the Legitimist pretender to the throne of France from 6 November 1836 to 3 June 1844, succeeding the former Charles X of France and preceding Henri, Count of Chambord.

Biography
Louis Antoine was born at Versailles, Kingdom of France on 6 August 1775, the son of the future King Charles X of France and Maria Theresa of Savoy. Louis Antoine and his younger brother, Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry were educated in Versailles, and the two young brothers followed their family into exile in Savoy, Germany, and England after the French Revolution. In 1792, he joined the emigre army of his cousin, Louis Joseph, Prince of Conde, and he led an unsuccessful royalist uprising in the Vendee in 1795. The uprising failed, and Louis Antoine fled to Mittau, Courland in the Russian Empire. In April 1800, he became the commander of a regiment of cavalry in the Bavarian army, and he showed some ability in battle at Hohenlinden in 1800.

Bourbon Restoration
After Czar Paul I of Russia made peace with Napoleon I in 1801, Louis Antoine went into exile in Warsaw in Prussia, and he remained in exile until the Bourbon Restoration of 1814. He became commander of the Royalist army in the southern Rhone River valley, but he was unable to prevent Napoleon's return to power during his "Hundred Days" in 1815. In 1823, the Duke of Angouleme commanded a corps sent to Spain during the "Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis" expedition. In 1830, however, the July Revolution put an end to the restored Bourbon monarchy, with the Orleanist revolutionaries forcing Louis Antoine to abdicate on 2 August 1830. In November 1830, Louis Antoine went into exile in Edinburgh, Scotland, and he was the Legitimist pretender to the throne until he died in Gorizia, Austrian Empire in 1844 at the age of 68.