Giustizia e Libertà

Giustizia e Libertà was an Italian anti-fascist resistance movement that existed from 1929 to 1945. The movement was founded in Paris, France by exiled anti-fascist leaders Carlo Rosselli, Emilio Lussu, Alberto Tarchiani, and Ernesto Rossi, and they formed clandestine groups in Italy and set up an intense propaganda campaign. Giustizia e Liberta sought to create a social democratic republic in Italy rather than restore the monarchy to power, and it distanced itself from communism and the Italian Communist Party due to its democratic views. In 1930, the movement was forced to curb its militant activity after a series of arrests and trials, and the organization formed its own brigades to fight for the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. In 1940, the organization ceased public operations after the Battle of France, and its members formed the Action Party of Italy following Italy's 1943 armistice with the Allied Powers. The party's armed partisan wing continued to fight against the fascists, and it lost 4,500 men, including the greater portion of its leaders. The resistance was disbanded upon the war's end in 1945.