Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya

al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya was a Sunni Islamist movement in Egypt that fought against the government from 1992 to 1998 and became a political movement after the 2011 Egyptian Revolution.

History
al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya was founded in the 1970s after the Muslim Brotherhood renounced the use of violence to overthrow the government of Egypt under President Anwar Sadat, and in its early days the group was made up mostly of Marxist and Nasserist university students. They were enemies of leftists critical of Anwar Sadat who sought to fight a war of revenge against Israel while Sadat wanted to rebuild the military and wait. In 1977 they became the dominant student movement in Egypt, and they became a threat to their once-ally of Sadat. Sadat passed a law that gave the leadership of student movements to professors, and at Asyut University GI gained a majority, with the president and top administrators being Islamists. They opposed mixed-gender classes, female enrollment, Copts, secularists, and security forces, and the group accused Sadat of arming Christians against Muslims and taking orders from America. On 6 October 1981 President Sadat was assassinated by an Islamist soldier, and in the 1980s many of them were imprisoned. From 1992 to 1998 they launched a rebellion against President Hosni Mubarak, failing to kill him in 1995. On 17 November 1997 they were responsible for the Luxor massacre, which left 62 tourists dead; this went against the group's renouncement of violence in the "Nonviolent Initiative", and it led to divisions in the group and a ceasefire. The group became a peaceful movement, and after the 2011 Egyptian Revolution President Mohamed Morsi made GI member Adel el-Khayat Governor of Luxor before he resigned due to uproar against appointing the perpetrators of the Luxor massacre to public office.