Napoleon II

Napoleon II (20 March 1811-22 July 1832) was King of Rome from 20 March 1811 to 11 April 1814, as well as Emperor of France from 22 June to 7 July 1815, succeeding Napoleon I and preceding Louis XVIII of France.

Biography
Napoleon was born in the Tuileries Palace of Paris, France on 20 March 1811, the son of Emperor Napoleon I and Marie Louise of Parma. He was the eldest legitimate son of Napoleon, making him his father's heir; he was constitutionally Prince Imperial and heir apparent, and his father also gave his son the style "King of Rome". On 4 April 1814, Napoleon abdicated in favor of his son as foreign armies invaded France during the War of the Sixth Coalition, and Prince Napoleon was allowed to use the titles Prince of Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla after his father's abdication. On 23 April 1814, Marie Louise and the Prince Imperial went into exile in Austria, both of them never to see France again. In 1815, the senior Napoleon attempted a return to power in his "Hundred Days", once again becoming Emperor. After his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, he again abdicated, and Prince Napoleon was the de jure Emperor from 22 June to 7 July 1815. Napoleon II was unaware that he had been proclaimed as Emperor at the time of his father's abdication, as he was in Austria at the time. In 1818, Emperor Franz I of Austria made him Duke of Reichstadt, and he became an officer in the Austrian army. In 1831, he was given command of an Austrian battalion, but he died of pneumonia in Vienna in 1832.