James Scullin

James Scullin (18 September 1876-28 January 1953) was Prime Minister of Australia from 22 October 1929 to 6 January 1932, succeeding Stanley Bruce and preceding Joseph Lyons. He was an Australian Labor Party politician, and his party split into three groups in 1931 (the Labor Party, the "Lang Labor Party", and the United Australia Party), leading to Labor's electoral defeat that year.

Biography
James Scullin was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Austrlaia in 1876, and he left school at 14, but continued his education at night school. He joined the Political Labor Council in 1903, and was elected to the federal parliament in 1910. Despite losing his seat in 1913, he became one of the leading opponents of compulsory military service during World War I. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1922, and in 1927 became deputy leader of the Australian Labor Party, taking over the leadership in 1928. As the party's expert on economic policy he led attacks against the Bruce-Page government's economic measures. In 1929 he became Australia's first Catholic and Australian-born Labor prime minister. He abandoned the Gold Standard, but his tough deflationary policies to deal with the oncoming Great Depression through a rigorous cut in state expenditure led to strong opposition from within hsi own party. He also alienated many supporters by reinstating his suspended treasurer, Edward G. Theodore, before he had been cleared of allegations of corruption. He thus split the Labor Party, and some left to form the new United Australia Party, such as Joseph Lyons, while others such as J.T. Lang and John A. Beasley conspired to bring down his government and set up a rival Labor organization. Partly because of declining health, and party because of his inability to reunite the Labor Party, he resigned the party leadership in 1935. He retired from Parliament in 1949.