Second White Terror

The Second White Terror was a wave of anti-Bonapartist reprisals carried out by French Royalists in the aftermath of Napoleon I's defeat and final deposition in 1815. Supporters of the Bourbon Restoration supported the purging of a civil system that had turned against the House of Bourbon under Napoleon's watch, and 70,000 public officials were dismissed. The senior officers of the former Grande Armee were cashiered and the soldiers dismissed, and Marshal Michel Ney was executed by firing squad, while Guillaume Marie Anne Brune and Jean-Pierre Ramel were murdered by opponents of Napoleon. 6,000 Bonapartists were brought to trial, while there were 300 mob lynchings in southern France; in Marseilles, departing Mamelukes of the Imperial Guard were massacred at their barracks as they prepared to leave for Egypt. The Second White Terror was a classic example of political repression, as many voters were coerced into voting for the reactionary Ultra-Royalists.