Yuan dynasty

The Yuan dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China from 1271 to 1368, with Khanbaliq (Beijing) serving as its capital. The Yuan was established by Kublai Khan of the Mongol Borjigin dynasty, and it succeeded the Song dynasty. The Mongols had ruled northern China for decades, but it was not until 1279 that the Mongol conquest of China was complete, and he replaced the defeated Song with his own Yuan dynasty. Under Kublai, the Yuan failed in their invasions of Annam, Champa, and Java, but won a pyrrhic victory against Burma. In 1288, a Mongol invasion of Vietnam was defeated at Bach Dang, but Annam, Burma, and Champa recognized Mongol hegemony. Like preceding Chinese dynasties, the Yuan suffered from internal strife, famine, and bitterness among the people, and the Red Turban Rebellion broke out against Mongol rule in 1351. In 1368, Toghon Temur was forced to flee the capital of Khanbaliq, and Zhu Yuanzhang founded the new Ming dynasty.