Order to Expel the Barbarians

The Order to Expel the Barbarians was an 1863 decree by the Emperor of Japan to expel all of the American, British, and French military advisors, traders, and other personnel in the country. It led to the assassinations of many western officials and soldiers who were employed by the Tokugawa Shogunate to modernize Japan, and was the primary cause of the divide between Imperial and Shogunate factions that caused the Boshin War.