Bernado Grammante

Bernado Grammante (died 1501) was the Chancellor of Faenza under Astorre III Manfredi. He believed in Cesare Borgia's quest to unify Italy, and he met with Borgia in 1501 with the goal of deceiving the brave people of Faenza into surrendering. Borgia was insulted by this, as he did not want to defeat the Faenzans, who were prepared to fight to the last, with deceit; instead, he favored a frontal assault. He had Grammante placed inside the "Brazen Bull" (a metal bull that was placed over fire, burning the occupant and causing smoke to billow out of its nostrils) and burned alive.