Sokoto Caliphate

The Sokoto Caliphate (1804-1903) was an African Muslim empire from northern present-day Nigeria, with its capital at the city of Sokoto. It fought the United Kingdom after the British established trading posts in the region, and was eventually taken over in 1903.

History
In 1804, the Fulani created their own lands in northern present-day Nigeria, with their capital at Sokoto, succeeding various unsuccessful warring Muslim sultanates. It was an absolute monarchy, with a 63% Conservative, 21% Reactionary, and 16% Liberal government. With a protectionist trade policy, state capitalist economy, moralist religious policy, residency citizenship policy, and pro military war policy, the nation was strong in the 1800s.

The Sokotos had local training methods, local weapons, local officer training, and an ad hoc (improvised) army. Their ships were built at home, and refused to reform anything, sticking to the old ways and ignoring industrial production.

On 10 December 1840, there was a cholera outbreak in the Sokoto Caliphate, rendering the diseased almost incapable of retaining fluid as crippling diarrhea struck. Ilorin Province was affected most by it, and it was quarantined until 8 June 1841. On 5 January 1860 the Sokoto began educational reforms to help the country and on 26 July they began land reforms to redistribute land rights to aid mining and farming. However, in 1861, the establishment of a British colony at Lagos brought the United Kingdom into conflict with the Sokot people, starting a series of wars that would last until 1903. In 1903, the Sokotos were finally defeated and their empire annexed, having been surrounded by many hungry empires such as French Equatorial Africa, Britain's Gold Coast, and German Kameroun.