Sultanate of Rum

The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum was a Muslim Turk empire founded in 1092 by Kalij Arslan, a son of Malik Shah, who separated from the splintering Seljuk Empire. Jalal I of Rum, the leader in the 1090s, led the nation into a period of greatness from the capital at Iconium, and recoqnuered all of the Levant from Seljuk Rebels, and also conquered Arabia and the Armenian cities of Yerevan and Adana, the Trebizond city of Trebizond, and Smyrna, held by Anatolian Rebels under Chaka of Smyrna, or "Tzachas". The empire declined after defeat after the Battle of Sivas/Kose Dag, where they were defeated by the Mongol Empire in 1243, and the Rum were Byzantines in 1307.

History
In 1092, following Malik Shah's death, one son, Kalij Arslan I, founded the "Sultanate of Rum", so-called because its Anatolian territories had been taken from the Byzantines or Rmans. His brothers established realms in Syria and Persia: the Seljuks were no longer the monolithic menace they once seemed to the crusaders.

Golden Age
The empire's origins dated twelve years earlier, with Jalal I of Rum's accession to the throne of The Turks. In 1082, Selim al Rashid led a Seljuk army of 2,000 troops into Georgia, and laid siege to the rebel settlement of Tbilisi, held by Captain Jaqmaq and 2,370 Steppe Rebels. They built ladders and stormed the city, adding Georgia to their empire. By 1084, Jalal was ready to campaign against the Seljuk warlords of Asia Minor and the Levant. Salish al Alai led an army into southern Turkey, near the Syrian border, capturing the city of Edessa from Kujuk, in 1086. Jalal personally led an army of Turkish troops into the Sultanate of Smyrna, and captured the city of Smyrna from Chaka of Smyrna and his Anatolian rebels, and in 1088, Captain Faraj led 3,100 Seljuks into Iraq, capturing Bahgdad from the Abbasid caliph Al-Nasir, placing the Abbasid Caliphate under the Seljuk Sultan's protection. Successive campaigns took Damascus in 1096, Trebizond and Aleppo in 1100, and Adana in 1102.

Decline
However, by this time the cities of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Edessa had been conquered by the Christians of Europe, in the First Crusade, and in 1102, Iconium fell to the Venetians. The ports of the Seljuks were taken over and the Rum golden age ended, confined to their pre-Jalal borders in Anatolia. They were defeated at the Battle of Sivas by the Mongol Empire in 1243, after which they fell as a vassal state, and their final doom came in 1307, with Osman of the Ottoman Empire conquering their lands in a second wave of Turks.